Storge device of computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Storge device of computer - Essay Example It can hold or store information both permanently and temporarily, and can be external or internal to a computer or any similar computing medium. The computer is a multipurpose electronic device and as such has many kinds of data storage devices. Broadly, some of these devices may be classified as the removable data Storage Devices while others as the non- removable data Storage Devices. There two classes of computer storage devices; one is the primary storage devices, and the other one is the secondary storage devices. The primary memory is the volatile memory while the secondary memory is the non -volatile memory. The volatile memory is the type of the memory that is easily erasable and the non -volatile memory is the type where the contents may be erased. Primary storage also referred to as internal memory or main memory, is the only memory directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU thus a reads instruction stored there and performs them as required. All data actively operated on is likewise stored there in a uniform manner. Primary computer storage devices are smaller in size, are internal to the computer and are developed to hold data temporarily. Primary computer storage devices have the fastest data access speed. Examples in this class of primary computer storage devices include random-access memory (RAM) and cache memory. Random-access memory (RAM) for instance are small in size but quite expensive. Secondary storage can also be known as auxiliary storage or external memory, differs from primary storage in that it is never directly accessible by the CPU. These usually have large storage capacity, and they store data permanently. They can both external or internal to the computer. The computer often uses its output/ input channels to access secondary computer storage devices and channel the desired data using intermediate region in

Discussion on the Marketing Impacts of the Global Recession Essay

Discussion on the Marketing Impacts of the Global Recession - Essay Example The Global Recession By the end of 2007, what started as an apparently isolated turbulence in the sub-prime segment of the US housing market turned into a full-blown recession by the end of 2007 (Verick & Islam, 2010). The US housing sector, as stated by Verick and Islam (2010), was unaware of the true extent of the complexities and liabilities which, in turn, caused liquidity to dry up, bringing down the global financial system. The economic drawback was spread rapidly and simultaneously through the global financial system to all corners of the world (Jannson, Hilmersson, & Sandberg, 2010). The result is the global economic recession that peaked in 2008. There had been massive lay-offs, unemployment, unpaid mortgages, bigger debts, enormous financial problems and fraud, financial deregulation of credit, automotive sales loss and manufacturing decline. Marketing Impacts of the Global Recession Up to now, recession is still evident in the global scenario. The increasing globalization of economic activity – the interconnectedness of economic activity across national frontiers calls companies and countries to adapt to the negative effects of the recession (Kitching, Blackburn, Smallbone, & Dixon, 2009). Kotler and Keller in 2009 stated that speed of global business is accelerating diversity but that has slowed down, yet, as they say, its business is as usual. The companies must change their marketing strategies and management capabilities to keep up in the market, at the same time giving customer satisfaction. Several methods and strategies were devised or emerged as the reaction of the global market to the recession. According to Kitching et al. (2009), recessions are regarded as periods of â€Å"creative destruction†, during which some businesses and industries decline while new ideas, technologies, products and industries emerge and become the driving forces of subsequent economic activity and growth. Business strategy and performance vary with ow ner perceptions, resources, and opportunities available of the threats faced (Kitching et al., 2009). According to Orr (2010), findings suggest that two principal factors are dominant in determining international strategy during times of financial crisis – home country market conditions, and the level of domestic industry protection introduced by the foreign country government in response to the economic downturn. Other factors including the variability in relative exchange rates also influenced international strategy during financial crises. Marketing Impacts in Certain Countries of the Global Recession Several developed countries had certain impacts in both marketing and management aspects due to the recession. These countries mentioned in the discussion include Japan, the United States, European Union in general, Australia, Singapore and China. In Japan, Toyota Motor Corporation's profitability was badly affected by the recession, resulting in a fall from record profits to record losses (Greimel, 2009 as cited by Orr, 2010). In response, Toyota is planning to limit expenditure and return to its original focus on quality. In reaction to global currency fluctuations, the lower value of currencies in countries such as the US, and

Twentieth Century Feminism And Womens Rights

Twentieth Century Feminism And Womens Rights Feminism is defined as the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Although there were many protests, discussions, writings, and advancements of womens rights dating back to the third century B.C., what is known as the womens movement or feminist movement did not become an organized movement until the mid to late 1800s (11). Three Waves of Feminism A wave metaphor is commonly used to differentiate the three main eras in feminism history. However, the metaphor did not come about until the beginning of the second era. The term Second Wave Feminism was first contrived by Marsha Lear (11) in the late 1960s when women of the Womens Liberation Movement were looking to separate their cause from the movements associated with the first era (1), so the terms first-wave and second-wave were created at the same time. The use of this new terminology also seemed to revive the movement in the public eye after lying dormant for some time. Reference to the third wave began to appear in the mid-1980s as discussions and writings on the relationship of racism to feminism began to appear (11). First Wave Feminism, Mid-1800s to 1920 The First Wave of feminism was the era spanning from the mid-1800s to 1920, mostly in the United States and the United Kingdom. Focus was mainly on legal rights for women, primarily the right to vote. Legalities in the United States and United Kingdom In the United States, the federal constitution originally had no provision for voting rights, so the decision was left to the individual states. (3) Initially, suffrage was granted in some states to tax payers or property owners only. Women did become property owners in some states as early as 1939 (3). However, in the mid-nineteenth century, provisions were also being put in place in most states which expanded enfranchisement to all free adult males only. This left American women with two options to appeal for their rights. They could either appeal to the individual voters in each state to approve legislation, or they could appeal for an amendment to the federal constitution. In Great Britain, women saw three Reform Acts between 1832 and 1884 pass through parliament which all granted suffrage only to men or mens households. (3). The Reform Act of 1832 provided the right to vote to property holding middle class men where it had previously been reserved for aristocracy. The Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884 expanded these rights to the male voter within urban and rural households (2) and (5). With these reforms, the British parliament was satisfied that the majority of citizens was represented. British women were now faced with a complex parliamentary process which required that all legislation pass through Parliament three times before it would be considered. Given the contentment of Parliament that the majority was now represented, this would not be an easy task. Industrial Revolution Brings Change Up to the early nineteenth century, women were in the workplace but primarily as teachers and other such roles that were considered appropriate for women. The onset of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to jobs in factories, mines, and shops from which work related issues also sprang. In the US, various independent issues of womens rights had arisen around the nation but not enough to give a voice to all women. It wasnt until the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 that women would have that voice. Seneca Falls Convention 1848 The five women who called for a meeting on July 19th and 20th, 1848 in the small town of Seneca Falls, NY did so out of the frustration of their own experiences. Much to their surprise, they would find the support of 300 people, including at least 40 men, who had come from a 50 mile radius to hear what they had to say. On that first day of the convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton began to read the Declaration of Independence aloud to the audience from which the Declaration of Principles was born. (6) The Declaration of Sentiments or Declaration of Principles would become the foundation of the Womens Movement for decades to come, and from this moment in history, the Womens Movement began to grow. Organizations Born Out of Division The end of the U.S. Civil War brought division among suffrage supporters. In 1869, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was formed by those who supported enfranchising black males (15th Amendment) and worked at the state level to gain the right to vote. In the same year, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and stood on the platform that all women should be allowed to vote along with black men. This group focused on federal constitutional changes, the message of equality in general, and primarily a feminist agenda. In 1890, these two groups were combined to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) with Stanton as its leader. (3) The British movement started around the time of the Second Reform Act. Parliament Member John Stuart Mill made two attempts to ratify the voting rights. In the first attempt, he brought a petition signed by 1500 women to the House of Commons. In the second attempt, he proposed that the wording of the Reform Bill of 1867 be changed to include people instead of men. Although both attempts failed, these acts became the catalyst for the creation of several womens committees. As was the case in America, British women were divided on how best to approach the issue of enfranchisement. Northern suffragists were more interested in getting back to basics and campaigning for the cause where London-based suffragists were more interested in strategies of parliament. Some believed in a more gradual approach by suggesting, for example, to start by allowing only unmarried women to vote. While others believed that this type of approach only served to punish those women who were not included. By the e nd of the century, most of these organizations became part of the umbrella group known as the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) centralized under the leadership of Millicent Garrett Fawcett who was also one of the originators of the first womens organization in Manchester.(3) End of a Century to the Start of WWI The period between the end of the nineteenth century and the start of World War I saw limited movement in womens rights. This gave women on both sides of the ocean the opportunity to form a kinship in their cause through visiting and writing one another about their disappointments and setbacks. The frustration that ensued from the continued delays also gave rise to a more extreme group that would later be known as the Suffragettes. Extremist Movements The term Suffragette was first used as a derogatory term to describe a radical splinter group within the British womens suffrage movement, lead by Emmeline Pankhurst, called the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) (7). Theirs was a group which had resorted to breaking windows and harassment to gain attention for the cause. They would later resort to more militant style acts such as bombings and arson. As these women were imprisoned for their law breaking tactics, many of the suffragettes would participate in self-imposed hunger strikes. Initially, the government chose to force-feed the women, but this only served to gain public support for the WSPU. In 1913, Parliament implemented the Cat and Mouse Act which allowed for temporary release of the hunger strikers who would then be jailed again upon their recovery. (7) However, reincarcerating these women proved to be difficult and again raised further public support for the cause. One of the most famous acts by a Suffragette occurr ed at the Epsom Derby in 1913. Emily Davison stepped in front of King George Vs horse and was trampeled in the middle of the race. She would die from her injuries four days later. (7) American supporters of the womens suffrage movement chose not to use the term Suffragette primarily because of the negative connotation that came with the term. Alternatively, they chose to use the term suffragists which was more generic and also could be used by male and female supporters of the womens suffrage movement. After World War I The onset of World War I delayed the womens suffrage movement in both nations as supporters turned their attention to the war efforts. However, this short term concession would lead to long term rewards. In 1917, six states in the U.S. granted women the right to vote in primaries and in municipal and presidential elections. (8) The momentum was building. In 1920, Tennessee would be the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment that gives American women the voting rights that we invoke today. Second Wave Feminism, 1960s through late 1970s In the United States, women began to become concern about the issue of womens liberation which occurred in the late 1960s. They were disappointed with the secondary status given to womens issues on the left and emboldened by the black power rhetoric that had emerged from the civil rights movement; these women decided that its the time for them to take care of their own issues and goals to be heard and show their political concerns. For many of women involved in this movement, the idea those women could work together in the name of women seemed new, exciting, and without much historical precedent. From their perspective, the earlier womens movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries seemed removed and without much relevance to the lives and politics of the new breed of feminists. While many women were certainly aware that a womens movement had existed in the previous century, they looked instead towards the New Left and civil rights movements of the 1960s as the forerunne rs to their feminism (m). Second Wave Feminism began in 1960s through 1990s which actually started with the protest against the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City in 1968 and 1969. Compared with the First Wave, the Second Wave was more focused in the anti-war and civil rights movements and the growing self-consciousness of a variety of minority groups around the world. The New Left was on the rise, and the voice of the second wave was increasingly radical. During this period, sexuality and reproductive rights were dominant issues, and much of the movements energy was focused on passing the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution and guaranteeing social equality regardless of sex (a). Second Wave Movement in the USA emphasized on three different movements: Womens movement, Feminist movement, Womens Liberation Movement. Feminists viewed the second wave era as ending with the intra-feminism dispute Feminist Sex War over issues such as sexuality and pornography. The Second-Wave Feminism title was coined by Marsha Lear when women of the 1960s sought to connect their ideas to those as reasonable, and by then noncontroversial, as the right to vote; second wave implied that the first wave of feminism ended in the 1920s. The labels first wave and second wave, then, were created at the same time as a way of negotiating feminist space. These terms gave activist women of the late 60s the double-rhetorical advantage of cultivating new ideas while simultaneously rooting them in older, more established ground. Identifying itself as the second wave revived the movement for the public after seeming to lie dormant for some time. Second wavers are often applauded for paying homage to and drawing from the work of first-wave women, as well they should be. But they did so for reasons far beyond a sense of patriotic duty to honor their fore sisters. The second-wave attention to womens rights, and more importantly, to womens liberation, emerged seemingly out of nowhere and needed to reestablish itself as neither particularly new nor fleeting. The labeling that linked the two periods of feminist movement was a rhetorical strategy that helped give clout to 60s womens activism and positioned it as a further evolution of earlier and larger movement. In 1963, Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique spoke volumes about the lives that middle-and upper middle-class women were leading. Her arguments affirmed their malaise and motivated them to cure it by moving out of private and into public space, where no such malaise plagued men (n). Womens Liberation Movement Also known as Second-Wave Feminism, the Womens Liberation Movement (WLM) was a grassroots movement that lasted from approximately 1960 through the early 1980s, seeking for economic, political, and social equality for women in the Americas and Britain. The WLM in Britain is generally considered to have begun in 1969, when a confederation of local groups formed the Womens Liberation Workshop, followed in 1970 by the establishment of the National Womens Coordinating Committee. Feminists articulated four main areas of concerns: equal pay, access to birth controls and abortion, expanding educational opportunity, childcare. The United Nations declared 1975 as the International Year of the Woman and the beginning of a decade for Women (3). Gender Inequality in Laws, Culture, and Politics Industrial feminism doesnt fit into the established categories of American feminist history. There was a popular misconception that feminism was reserved for the middle and upper classes. The four working class women activists, Shavelson, Cohn, Newman and Schneiderman pursued the dream through four strategies that became the blue print for working-class womens activism in 20th century USA (b). By 1960, the size of the female labor force had nearly doubled, now enrolling almost one in three women. The majority of women workers, fully 60 percent, were married, over 40 percent of them were mothers of school-age children, and they most often had secured white-collar rather than industrial jobs. (f). In 1979, a group of smart, strong-willed women, fiercely independent, but recognizing the need for collective action, forged a new organization in New York City, United Tradeswomen (UT). White and black, Hispanic and Asian, UT was also occupationally diverse: Entenmann bakery truck drivers, bridge painters, utility workers, firefighters, and hundreds of skilled trades apprentices. From its inception, UT succeeded in providing a space for women to meet and to talk. The majority of women participating in the organization were experiencing significant hardships at work and meeting up with the resistance within their unions. UT fell apart in 1985 as internal divisions grew and the commitment of the original organizers waned (g). Womens Rights In the US, women have adorned American money since the founding of a new nation. Until 1979, though all women depicted were allegorical representations of republican ideals, such as liberty. The US government created the coin to honor Susan B. Anthony and her efforts to guarantee that American women had the right to vote. The US Mint first released the Anthony dollar on July 2, 1979 in the city in which Anthony resided during her politically active years: Rochester, New York (j). Gender Role and Feminism Historically, gender relations have rarely been linked to war and peace, and sexuality has seldom been a component of national security. But in the global War of Ideas, womens oppression and ideological marginalization are ingredients not to be ignored. Womens particular position with children and overseeing the very first steps of education gives them an incredible potential power to initiate and impact massive intellectual change. Taboos about sexual relations are crumbling worldwide, the vivid contrast between mindsets in free societies and the Taliban-like attitude toward sexual freedom on part of jihadists is playing a part in the psychological conditioning of jihadi violence (h). Reproductive and Abortion Rights (Roe v. Wade) Reproductive rights became one of the biggest concerns besides the unofficial inequalities, official legal inequalities, sexuality, family and the work place. Abortion rights were legalized by the US Supreme Court in 1973 following the case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey where the Court affirmed the abortion right granted in Roe v. Wade while permitting further restrictions (d). The practice of abortion is legal in the United States. This seems simple enough, but just like everything about the abortion conflict, there is no easy way to describe abortion law. The law has many sources constitutions, legislative statutes, administrative regulations, courts decisions and to become an expert on abortion law one would have to become familiar with all of them. The foundation of abortion law is the US Constitution as interpreted by The Supreme Court. Constitutional law does not directly regulate abortion. Rather, it sets limits on the powers of the states and the federal government to regulate abortion. The Court has established this constitutional law of abortion through a series of decisions, called case law, especially Roe v. Wade, Doe v. Bol ton, and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Roe v. Wade was a challenge to the constitutionality of the criminal law that Texas enacted in the 1850s. The law prohibited anyone to procure or attempt an abortion except, based on medical advice, for the purpose of saving the life of the mother. Doe v. Bolton was a challenge to Georgias 1968 reform that criminalized abortion except when the pregnancy endangered the life of the mother, there was a rave fetal deformity, or the pregnancy was the result of rape. The Georgia reform was very restrictive. In this case the Georgia legislature had added stringent and cumbersome rules including a requirement that the abortion decision must be approved by a committee and the medical judgment must be confirmed by two doctors in addition to the womans own physician. The justices treated the two cases as a single decision, but it is Roe v. Wade that has become the most famous, the symbol for what is right and wrong (depending on your point of view) with abortion law in the United States (o). Discrimination Against Women From international perspective, in the context of a highly authoritarian and theocratic state in Iran, womens rights have been framed within an Islamist normative discourse, not only by religious and state authorities, but also by some advocates of womens rights. Such strategies have attracted considerable controversy, almost since the immediate aftermath of the Iranian revolution in 1979 (i). In honoring the womens right throughout the world, The United Nation has formed a commission to watch the inequality treatments against women. International Womens Day has become an official day on March 8, 2010 (e). Third Wave Feminism, 1990 to Present Third Wave Feminism began around 1990 and continues into today. It arose primarily out of the experiences of Americans born after 1960 who grew up enjoying many of the advantages second wave feminists had to fight to achieve.(9) It is believed that the third wave picks up where the second wave left off and addresses issues such as racism, oppression, body image, gender categories, and sexuality. In 2004, Unilever PLC with its Dove brand soap launched the Campaign for Real Beauty aimed at beauty stereotypes and self-esteem (10). Emphasis on racism during the third-wave can be seen in the Thomas-Hill hearings in 1991 where a white male running for Supreme Court Justice is accused of sexual harassment by a young black woman. The hearings are credited with bringing public awareness to gender discrimination, and Anita Hill is often refered to as the mother of a new wave of gender discrimination awareness by several feminist groups (12). Issues of the third-wave era can have different meaning for different people around the world. Oppression for a business woman in the United States might mean hitting the glass ceiling for that long awaited promotion. In Afghanistan, it would mean gender apartheid; being stripped of basic human rights and even killed simply because they are women. There are many organization available to address feminist issues on local and global levels. http://feministmajority.org/about/index.asp http://www.feministing.com/about.html#aboutFem http://www.now.org/

Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White Essay example -- Charlotte Web E.B. Whi

Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White Fern convinced her dad not to kill the runt pig and he gave it to her to take care of. She named him Wilbur. Wilbur was getting bigger and bigger and eating more and more. He had to be sold so Fern called her aunt and uncle the Zuckermans. The goose told Wilbur that there was a loose board in his pen. He escaped but he got tired, hungry and afraid. Uncle Homer lured him back to his pen with food. Wilbur had a terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day because it was raining and his plans got ruined. He started to cry, but then he heard a soft friendly voice. The voice said, "Salutations!" At first he didn’t know who said it. Then he saw a large gray spider waving at him. It was Charlotte. It is summer and school is out for Fern and Avery. The goslin...

Trace the treatment of the Jews by the Nazis between 1933-45

During the hegemony that engulfed Europe between 1939 and 1945, millions of civilians were murdered, outside of the usual battles of war. The hegemony was unprecedented in the annals of history in that the murder of these civilians had its roots not in the causes of the war, but simply in the prejudice that lay at the heart of the political system that had spawned the war, namely the Nazi ideology formed in the insane minds of Adolf Hitler and his henchmen. To that ideology, the creation of a master race of Aryans with all other â€Å"lower† races becoming servile to that master race was logical and a side product of that ambition was the ethnic cleansing of Europe. The initial plan was to move eastwards all such lower races. In due course however, as the ambitions of the Nazis were initially fulfilled, the problem increased. The pathetic irony for Hitler and his cronies was that the very success of their armies brought under their control even more of the undesirables whom they wished to expel from Germany, so that ultimately far from making the Jewish problem disappear, they brought under their control a further 5,000,000 Jews even before the proposed invasions of Russia and Great Britain, the entire gypsy community of Europe and millions of Slavs in the eastern countries of Europe. The problem was to be solved by the â€Å"Final Solution†. Initially the attentions of the Nazis in the immediate years after their ascendancy to power was directed at a widespread cleansing of Germany. This included primarily Jews and communists, Romany (gypsy) people, homosexuals, those who were mentally and / or physically handicapped and those deemed to be â€Å"politically undesirable†. The initial beatings and tirades against these sections of German society however in due course gave way to a more systematic and co-ordinated campaign designed to enable the authorities to rid society of these â€Å"undesirable† elements. Propaganda under the control of Josef Goebbels was employed to ostracize these elements within German society and make their removal both logical and welcome to the average German citizen. Hitler's satanic vision of â€Å"ethnic purity† was based on the idea of levels of genetic value in people. To fulfil Hitler's dream, the Nazi's established comprehensive systems to segregate and later to execute millions of people designated to be less pure. After the succession to power by Adolf Hitler in 1933, an internal security apparatus in the form of a secret police force was designed and continually refined to result in an iron control of the lives of the citizens within Germany. Perfected, this orderly, internal reign of terror spread, as Hitler's forces extended across national borders and with the relatively easy absorption of what had been part of Czechoslovakia, the annexation of Bohemia and Moravia by Germany in 1938. Slovakia, another region of Czechoslovakia, became a state tightly controlled by the Nazis through the Munich Pact signed with the British Government, which naively believed that this concession would mark the end of Hitler's ambitions. On the evening of November 7, 1938, the Nazi regime co-ordinated attacks against the Jewish communities of Germany. Nearly 180 synagogues were burned and destroyed. Hundreds of Jewish men were rounded up and imprisoned on false charges. Jewish-owned businesses throughout Germany were destroyed, damaged and looted. Thousands of windows in synagogues, Jewish businesses and homes were broken giving this night its name – â€Å"Kristallnacht† or the Night of the Broken Glass. This horrific assault was reported in headlines in newspapers around the world. It was taken correctly by some as a signal of what was yet to come and many Jews, taking the warning seriously, emigrated while they still could. However only the United States of America and to a lesser degree Great Britain were prepared to admit Jews seeking sanctuary. Certain countries, notably Switzerland and France were not keen to allow the refugees to stay within their borders. The fact that no country wished to admit the Jews, seemed to validate Hitler's actions in treating them increasingly more harshly. Visas were hard to come by, but bribery and connections still worked in limited ways. Tragically, most Jews remained, believing Germany was democratic, a country for whom many had served with honour and distinction in World War I. They refused to believe that it would turn against them and harm them. They were fatally mistaken and a massive percentage of the entire German Jewish community suffered horribly, dying in the extermination camps before the end of World War II. By September 1, 1939, contrary to the protestations, the completely restored military force of Nazi Germany smashed across the Polish border, overrunning the weak Polish army and cavalry, still equipped for World War I. By the end of the month all of Poland had fallen. Now 3,000,000 Jews came under the control of the swastika, 20 per cent the Polish population in 1939. Almost immediately, these Jews were placed into ghettos in Warsaw, Kracow, and other large Polish cities and towns, with little sanitation and access to medical facilities. Stopped from trading and effectively cut off from the rest of the world, these communities were effectively isolated, being prepared and â€Å"softened up† for further more drastic treatment. Concentration and labour camps were initially established for punishment for those who offended Hitler or did not fit his ideal Nazi regime. As early as 1933 in Germany, Sachsenhausen and Dachau were places of dread but families were still able to â€Å"bribe† their loved ones out of the camps. Following the invasion of Poland the Nazis were faced with resolving the â€Å"Jewish Problem†. The solution was entrusted by Hitler to Heydrich and Eichmann, both virulent anti-semites, the former a soldier, the latter an administrator. The concentration camps, now full following larger and larger transports of Jews and large numbers of Russian prisoners of war, Polish resistance fighters and others, had to be emptied. Natural wastage by death from disease, malnutrition and beatings would not result in a fast enough solution. Mass murder by bullets or lethal injection was expensive and wasteful in terms of resources, and had a morale depressing effect on the soldiers employed. To accommodate Hitler's demonic vision, On January 20, 1942, a conference was convened under expressed orders from Nazi leadership under the chairmanship of the brilliantly evil Rheinhardt Heydrich. With tea and crumpets, in fewer than two hours of deliberation at the former Jewish-owned Wansee chateau in the outskirts of Berlin, the Nazi officers, including Aldolph Eichmann, created the policy to assure the systematic destruction of Europe's Jewish population. A Final Solution had been formed which was unchangeable. The solution chosen was the creation of mass Extermination Camps, mainly in Poland to which would be transported all the Jews of Europe. Killing began in earnest on or near the homes of the populations, which the Nazis had targeted. Within a short time, the small camp of Auschwitz was enlarged into Auschwitz-Birkenau) a massive death camp in which Jews were gassed and their bodies cremated in a nearby area known for its birch trees, (Birkenau in German). Thus, the infamous death factory at Birkenau was created with the huge crematoria nestled among the groves of once beautiful and peaceful birch trees. Five other sites were chosen for additional death camps. Auschwitz-Birkenau, as the huge complex was to become known, was by far the largest in which well over one million and a half people, nearly 90 percent of whom were Jewish, were put to death and cremated. Notwithstanding the need to continue the huge war effort against the Allied Forces, which included the massively powerful American war machine the Nazis vigorously pursued their plan to destroy every Jew within Europe. As a result, one third of the entire world Jewish population was killed during the Holocaust. The few gates of escape to Allied countries, were systematically closed: the United States, Canada, Australia, Britain, parts of Latin America and elsewhere. The lucky few who could find a way out often survived without the rest of their family. By 1944, the height of the extermination of the Jews, there were over 650 death, labour, concentration, camps and ghettos. Of the millions of Jewish people so imprisoned a very small percentage survived to give testimony to the unimaginable crimes which had been committed. Those who did so survive, faced the prospect of reconstructing their lives, more often than not with no money, family, possessions or state. Hitler had identified the â€Å"problem† in Mein Kampf, had thought that he had solved the problem by expelling the Jews of Germany, but ultimately had found that his success in battle multiplied his problem, from which there was to be only one route for the Nazis to take – the eradication of European Jewry by extermination.

Langston Hughes: Harlem a Dream Deferred Essay

A dream cast aside can rankle a person’s will in the deepest of ways. It tends to permeate their every thought and becomes an unshakable burden. In the poem â€Å"Harlem (A Dream Deferred)† by Langston Hughes, the language used describes how a suspended goal can frustratingly linger. The writer first poses a question: â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† He then compares a postponed dream to a dried up raisin or a festering sore, giving a reader the idea of how treacherous it can be to put off one’s goals. What only can make it worse is when we have little control over our fate; when the determination of whether or not our goals are achievable is decided by someone else as was done with the African American population in the United States throughout the early 20th century.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Life for the black population of America throughout the early 1900s was less than ideal. While they’d been free from slavery for nearly 100 years, they remained i n segregated schools and were restricted to menial work nonetheless. Between 1920 and 1930, a movement was followed by African Americans across the United States known as the Harlem Renaissance (see Great Days In Harlem). The movement aimed to establish an identity for blacks in America and gave many hope that they might be seen equal to their white counterparts. The movement lost momentum, but its ideals remained in the hearts of the people; their dreams of equality left behind to fester in the backs of their minds. So what happens when a dream such as this is deferred? If it is a true dream, reflecting our hearts desire, it cannot be forgotten easily. Hughes, an African American in the Harlem Renaissance era, writes a poem full of bitter possibilities reflecting his frustration.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Evidently, Hughes felt frustrated when he wrote this poem in 1951. It was 30 years after the start of the renaissance movement, and it seemed to him that the black identity had made no steps toward equality. At this point in time, the African Americans were feeling neglected; their goals cast aside and their lives seeming more like a nightmare than a dream. But what happens to a dream deferred? Hughes offers many responses to this question, all equally unpleasant. In using similes, the writer creates imagery allowing a reader to imagine a festering sore or a piece of rotten meat and understand how toxic a postponed dream can be for a person.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Equally unpleasant is allowing oneself to â€Å"sugar over†, to simply nod ones head and accept the crushing of ones dreams as reality. To be sweet to those who’ve taken away every ounce of one’s dignity can be just as irksome. Then the idea that was once a dream will linger evermore, weighing a person down, sagging like a heavy load. In the final statement of the poem, the writer leaves it as a separate sort of thought, â€Å"Or does it explode?† This final question seems more like a warning, an indication of the author being at wit’s end. A dream deferred can linger so long that a person can no longer bear the load and they may retaliate. In this instance, the writer as well as his fellow African Americans were beyond frustrated with the exhaustion of carrying the load of their unfulfilled dreams. Harlem’s ideals had been forgotten.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨From the language used to the thoughtful structure, â€Å"Harlem (A Dream Deferred)† speaks to a reader. The writer creates strong imagery that can be connected to the situation he’s describing. A dream deferred really takes its toll on a person, or as proved by the context surrounding the poem, a group of people. To have ones goals setback is hard enough, but having them dismissed by another simply makes it linger and inflame. We’re brought back to the question of what happens to a dream deferred? As suggested it can rot like meat and dry up like a raisin but eventually we crack under the pressure. There’s only so much a person can take; in the end our deferred dreams will cause us to explode.

Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essays

  Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essays   Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essay Find the efficiency of three different spheres Essay Variables: Manipulated Variable: the type of ball used Responding Variable: height of the first bounce of the ball when it is dropped from 2m Controlled Variables: the force applied on the ball, the height at which the ball is dropped, flat surface Hypothesis: the efficiency of a sphere is going to depend largely on its mass and size, the less the mass and size, the higher that it will bounce, because the lesser the mass, the lesser amount of energy will be needed to push it up against the downward pull of gravity, and the smaller the size, the lesser friction air will create when it is bouncing up. This means that the golf ball is possibly going to be the one that bounces the highest and the most efficient, the tennis ball will bounce the second highest and the second most efficient, and the field hockey ball will bounce the third highest and the least efficient. Materials: * * golf ball * tennis ball * field hockey ball * a flat surface * 2 meter sticks * tape * electronic balance Procedures: 1. Mass each of the spheres using the electronic balance and record the mass 2. Use two meter sticks and tape one end of each together forming a 2m stick 3. Position the two meter sticks perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the wall, station them by taping them onto the wall 4. Drop one of the three spheres selected from 2m off the ground or the very top of the meter sticks 5. Watch and then record the height of the spheres first bounce 6. repeat step 4-5 for the other two spheres Observation: Type of ball used Mass of the ball(Kg) Height of first bounce, trial 1 (m) Height of first bounce, trial 2 (m) Height of first bounce, trial 3 (m) Average height of first bounce (m) Golf Ball 0.039 1.45 1.50 1.47 1.47 0.046 1.44 1.37 1.42 1.41 0.045 1.46 1.49 1.50 1.48 Tennis Ball 0.058 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.10 0.058 1.08 1.10 1.15 1.11 0.057 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.02 Field Hockey Ball 0.15 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.57 0.18 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.59 0.15 0.45 0.43 0.51 0.46 Analysis: Average Mass of Each of the Spheres Used Average Height of Each Spheres First Bounce When Dropped from Two Metres The Efficiency of Each of the Spheres Used Conclusion: The efficiency of the golf ball is 72%, which is the most efficient amongst the three balls, the efficiency of the tennis ball is 54%, and the field hockey ball is 27% efficient making it the least efficient amongst the three. The hypothesis was correct about the order in which the efficiency should be in. The size and mass may possibly have an effect on how efficient each ball each. Another factor that is also very important, but however not considered in the analysis is the material that each ball is made of. The amount of elastic energy of each ball was not considered in the experiment, and should be included. To find out how much the elastic energy of a sphere affects its efficiency, one has to find out the relationship between the elastic energy, the mass and the height of the ball and calculate to see how much difference this will make, and how important the elastic energy of a sphere is. An important error is that the height of each balls bounce may not be entirely accurate since the ability of the human eyes is limited and cant tell exactly how many metres the ball bounced. To minimize the effect of this error, several trials and the results of many people can be combined, and then the average amongst the results can be calculated.

The Increased Use of Nuclear Power Reactors Essays

The Increased Use of Nuclear Power Reactors Essays The Increased Use of Nuclear Power Reactors Essay The Increased Use of Nuclear Power Reactors Essay Today, 439 nuclear power reactors produce approximately 16 per cent of the world’s electricity. In nine countries, over 40 per cent of energy production comes from nuclear power. The IAEA, an international organization in the UN family, fosters the safe, secure and peaceful uses of atomic energy and helps ensure the use of nuclear technology for sustainable development. In Africa, there are only two (2 ) nuclear power reactors and there is no significant development of nuclear power infrastructure in the near future. In the long term, however, Africa has the interest to change its energy dependence from fossil fuels to nuclear sustainable energy. To achieve nuclear energy, it will be necessary for Africa to embark on an analysis of whether African countries are willing combined financial support, locations for establishment, and storage centers for radio- active byproduct to establish a nuclear power source that will offer energy to many countries in Africa across borders. This prospect will require the collaboration of African countries, who alone cannot support or more importantly, need a nuclear reactor only for its citizens. Uganda, desires to aid in the African independence of nuclear energy for its continent. It desires to do so, however, only with the highest level of sophistication in erecting and operating the nuclear facility to protect its citizens and neighbors from nuclear accident. Also, it desires international monitoring and regulatory oversight to ensure the by product of nuclear energy does not fall into illegitimate uses, such as terrorist weapons. The benefits of such independence are not only local to the continent of Africa, it will aid also the international community in knowing consistent policies and procedures are being maintained to generate nuclear fuel. The Country of Uganda therefore proposes the following resolutions: 1. Uganda will collaborate and work with its neighboring African countries to analyze and determine the capacity required for multi country nuclear energy needs. This needs assessment will be published to the international community for comment and opinion and the said countries will follow the model discussed in Section 2 below in building any nuclear facilities; 2. Uganda proposes an international think tank (â€Å"Nuclear Initiave†) to be organized among all nations where the expertise and educational background of scientist and engineers are centered and nurtured to create models of nuclear plants with consistent infrastructure, guidelines and operations. These models then can be utilized by nations in their development of a nuclear facilities. 3. Uganda proposes that a monetary fund be established for countries to partake in the information and models implemented in the Nuclear Initiative. If a country cannot afford to donate to the monetary fund in cash, then it can donate in kind by providing necessary resources, such as land for storage of radioactive waste. 4. Uganda proposes that the Nuclear Initiative be charged with promulgating rules, regulations, and policies in connection with the building of a nuclear facility, the operation of the facility, the transportation of radioactive waste from the facility and the permanent storage of said waste. For example, the team of scientist and engineers would develop specific plans and specifications on the material used to build the facility and the land type where the facility is built after determining the best type of material and structure necessary for a safe facility.

Biblical Integration

How much better to get wisdom than gold. Webster defines wisdom as; knowledge that is gained by having any experiences in life: the natural ability to understand things that most other people cannot understand: and knowledge of what is proper or reasonable: good sense or Judgment. To me God is the foundation of wisdom he is all knowing and gives us all of our experiences in life in order to grow closer to him though faith. To get insight rather than silver, to have knowledge and understanding of Christ is more important than any amount of silver and gold here on earth. Wisdom is a priceless gift that God shares with us and should be valued above all things. The highway of the upright avoids evil. Integrity is the quality of being honest and fair: the state of being complete or whole (Webster). God expects us to take the high road and avoid sin. By being honest and avoiding evil means to be upright. Even if the rough is tough we should walk upright with integrity. God did not promise that it would be an easy Journey but the reward of eternal life with him would be the ultimate goal and glory. He that keepeth his way preserveth his soul. To me this passage describes diligence. Diligence is defined as; persevering application and the attention and care legally expected or required of a person (as a party to a contract) (Webster). God expects us to stay the course and look only to him for guidance even when we are unable to make sense of our surroundings or things that are happening in our lives. We should be diligent in our faith and beliefs in him our Lord, and Savior Jesus Christ. Proverbs 21 :5 lets us know that God has great things in store for us if we work diligently and with integrity. In regards to time management, it has only been possible some weeks to complete course assignments and studies through the grace of God and prayer. Through faith that the Lord has allowed me to make the right decisions and trust that he has not put more on me than I could bear I have been able to stay the course and follow the path that he has laid out for me. It is described in the scripture that through diligence and hard work we are able to achieve all things through faith in God. In attending online college academic integrity is a huge art of the perspective. These verses can be applied in the expectations of academic integrity. When completing assignments, plagiarism whether intentionally or this scripture God give us the foundation of wisdom to choose to make the right decisions and he expects us to live upright and follow his way through tough times. No reward can be gained through the path of sin. Reference http://www. biblestudytools. com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/ proverbs-16-17. html http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/

Project and Programme Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project and Programme Management - Essay Example For HuanghÐ µ, CRM must mÐ µan all of thÐ µsÐ µ things and morÐ µ for thÐ µ projÐ µct stratÐ µgy to rÐ µally work. Many solutions must bÐ µ forÐ µsÐ µÃ µn. OnÐ µ solution is to usÐ µ CRM to bolstÐ µr thÐ µ company intÐ µrnally. AnothÐ µr solution is to usÐ µ CustomÐ µr RÐ µlationship ManagÐ µmÐ µnt to markÐ µt morÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly and rÐ µach thÐ µ cliÐ µnt bÐ µttÐ µr. â€Å"WhÐ µn customÐ µr rÐ µlationship managÐ µmÐ µnt CRM) camÐ µ on thÐ µ scÐ µnÐ µ approximatÐ µly six yÐ µar ago, somÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd it with skÐ µpticism and primarily saw it as a way to rÐ µfinÐ µ rathÐ µr than rÐ µinvÐ µnt markÐ µting. MorÐ µ progrÐ µssivÐ µ markÐ µtÐ µrs adoptÐ µd thÐ µ CRM tÐ µchniquÐ µs of compiling all consumÐ µr and markÐ µt data into a cÐ µntralizÐ µd databasÐ µ and usÐ µd data mining to morÐ µ narrowly dÐ µfinÐ µ targÐ µt audiÐ µncÐ µs basÐ µd on charactÐ µristics rathÐ µr than gÐ µnÐ µral dÐ µmographicsâ €  (Paddison, 2004). YÐ µt anothÐ µr solution could focus morÐ µ on thÐ µ managÐ µmÐ µnt of thÐ µ company than thÐ µ cliÐ µnt, and highlight managÐ µmÐ µnt having a working knowlÐ µdgÐ µ of markÐ µting. and bÐ µing ablÐ µ to work with markÐ µtÐ µrs and consultants in a proactivÐ µ mannÐ µr that rÐ µflÐ µcts thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µrnal dynamism of thÐ µ IT and communications markÐ µt. ... â€Å"Work with somÐ µonÐ µ from your markÐ µting or planning dÐ µpartmÐ µnt to dÐ µvÐ µlop a sÐ µriÐ µs of quÐ µstions that will dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ thÐ µ basÐ µlinÐ µ financial savvy of your dÐ µpartmÐ µnt hÐ µads. ThÐ µn conduct onÐ µ or two focus groups with a rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntativÐ µ cross sÐ µction†¦ A kÐ µy goal of thÐ µ focus group should bÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrmining how wÐ µll your managÐ µrs undÐ µrstand thÐ µ rÐ µports thÐ µy rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  (MacÐ µvicuiatÐ µ, 2001). ThÐ µsÐ µ solutions can work in both long-tÐ µrm and short-tÐ µrm formats to hÐ µlp thÐ µ company rÐ µmain compÐ µtitivÐ µ. In tÐ µrms of applying CRM to thÐ µ currÐ µnt pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µd instability and constraint in thÐ µ Ð µconomy, it is bÐ µttÐ µr to cull support from thÐ µ morÐ µ cautious sidÐ µ of CRM dÐ µmonstratÐ µd, as onÐ µ sourcÐ µ statÐ µs that â€Å"it should bÐ µ appliÐ µd only to procÐ µssÐ µs vital to a company's compÐ µtitiv Ð µnÐ µss† (Rigby and LÐ µdingham, 2004). It is important to also kÐ µÃ µp in mind cautionary Ð µxamplÐ µs of what can happÐ µn in CRM systÐ µms whÐ µn mismanagÐ µmÐ µnt and othÐ µr obstaclÐ µs arÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd to givÐ µn an ovÐ µrall holistic application of CRM IT systÐ µms, or, for that mattÐ µr, intÐ µrnational Ð µxpansion in gÐ µnÐ µral. In casÐ µs likÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ, workload is incrÐ µasÐ µd in a way that is inÐ µfficiÐ µnt to thÐ µ company. In a compÐ µtitivÐ µ businÐ µss Ð µnvironmÐ µnt, this doÐ µs not hÐ µlp thÐ µ customÐ µr in thÐ µ long run in this casÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ. Also, if a company doÐ µs not rÐ µspÐ µct intÐ µrnal host culturÐ µs, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ abovÐ µmÐ µntionÐ µd risk of thÐ µ host culturÐ µ pÐ µrcÐ µiving thÐ µ company to bÐ µ yÐ µt anothÐ µr arrogant outsidÐ µr. HuanghÐ µ can makÐ µ stridÐ µs in functionality of CRM, in tÐ µrms of kÐ µÃ µping up with and intÐ µgrating

Position Paper in Support of Patient Affordable Care Act Essay

Position Paper in Support of Patient Affordable Care Act - Essay Example This population lives each day not sure what would happen if they fell sick or were in need of medical attention. The absence of a medical insurance therefore means that they cannot visit the physician for regular check ups and will always postpone illnesses or trips to the doctor because they simply cannot afford it. Delayed medical care for fear of expenses is a disaster considering the number of people in the country and the illnesses that could be treated early turning fatal. People without health insurance are at the greatest risk of not catching illnesses early enough and not acquiring medical attention when need arises. This leads to an increase in healthcare premiums because of unpaid emergency medical bills of uninsured people (Gruber 33). In early 2010, president Obama signed the Affordable Care Act as a step to address the pending disaster of healthcare. This law was set in motion with comprehensive healthcare insurance reforms to deal with the healthcare issue of the Amer icans. According to young invincible, implementing the Act will carter for five major areas namely the extension of the dependent coverage to up to 26years, reforms for college heath plan and exchanges to be more established (Younginvincible.org). It will also offer a catastrophic plan for young adults and expand the Medicaid to the low-income adults who are childless. This plan will go to immense lengths in ensuring that every young person is insured or has access to healthcare through their parents plan. Overt he next few years, there ought to be no barriers when accessing medical care with the implementation of the Affordable care act. It is projected that by the year 2014, changes like a 50% discount on all brand name drugs, tax credits on small business, insurance plans for pre-existing medical conditions as well as an expansion on young adult coverage will be visible. Some of the plans are already underway (Pipes 52). Health systems implemented in other countries around the wo rld have proved to work effectively ensuring that almost every individual in that country is covered medically. According to sick around the world, a country like the United Kingdom has a National Health System (NHS) that is funded through taxes and is run by the government. It ensures that each person born in the U.K will have access and use the NHS (pbs.org). In addition, no one is presented with a medical bill through out the duration they are seeking medication. The initiative of the NHS has also reduced the waiting times that were previously required for elective surgeries. In a country like Japan which holds pride for the best health according to global statistics and the second largest economy. These people also visit the doctor thrice as much as Americans, use more drugs, have double the number of MRI scans, and reportedly spend more days in hospitals (pbs.org). Apparently, they spend only about half of what the United States spends per capita on healthcare. To achieve this, the Japanese have put it in law that every person must buy a health insurance plan through a community plan or through an employer. Reid then tours a country, which came up with the concept of national healthcare systems, Germany. Germany offers universal medical care, which includes mental health, dental, homeopathy, medical, and spa treatment for its 80 million people (pbs.org). They have devised a structure where the poor are paid for by the rich and the healthy

Why might an existing non-franchised business choose to become a Essay

Why might an existing non-franchised business choose to become a franchisor - Essay Example The motive is consistent with the resource allocation theory that stipulates that organizational units are most productive when tightly controlled (Ashar & Shapiro, 1988), although the new resource-based view of the theory advocates value creation by combining local (or franchisee) and central (or franchisor) advantages (Combs, 2003). The motive was a major driver of franchising among American auto manufacturers in the 1900s (Combs, 2003). The auto manufacturers lacked funds to open dealerships across the country. Their workaround to the problem was to create chains of franchises across the US. The franchisees invested in stocks of vehicles and premises. In return, they enjoyed exclusive marketing territories. Although a business may want a franchise in order to use other people’s funds to grow, some scholars have cast doubt over the cherished notion that the ability to expand without investing their money and retain control over operations is one of the main reasons firms fra nchise. Franchisee financial constraints are a major cause of poor relations between the franchisor and franchise and a threat to the survival of both (Dada, et al., 2009). If this argument is true then it defeats the logic of the franchisor seeking to expand using the franchisee’s capital. A number of reasons explain the occurrence of such a situation. First, some franchisees may falsify their financial position in order to meet the stringent requirements of the franchisor. Such falsification of information, coupled with lack of due diligence on the part of the franchisor creates a situation where the franchise starts the franchise with inadequate capital. Shortly afterward, the franchise becomes unable to provide the product they set out to provide. Even in the absence of documented cases of this nature, the risk of such a scenario is real. The implication is that a business that is desirous of adopting a franchise model as a

Aligning Adoption Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aligning Adoption Law - Essay Example Given this dogma, one wonders how the severance of the above-referenced child's ties to her grandmother is truly taking all aspects of her welfare into consideration. The above ruling also begs the question of whether or not the court proceeding was in keeping with section 8 of the European Convention on the Protection of Human and Fundamental Freedoms 1950. Indeed, Diduck and Kaganas may be correct in their statement that "the complete replacement of one family with another may be out of step with human rights ideals. It may also be out of step with changing family practice' (Diduck and Kaganas, 2006). Current adoption laws in the United Kingdom stem from the Adoption Act of 1976, which was revised under the Children's Act of 1989. Further amendments were created with the Adoption and Children Act of 2002 and the Children and Adoption Act of 2006. From the time of the Adoption of Children Act in 1926, the majority of children adopted in the United Kingdom were infants. There was an explosion of abandoned infants after World War I. Women having affairs with soldiers while either unmarried or with husbands away at war led to many illegitimate births. These women, and the women who had taken care of these children were now working in factories. A better solution than abandonment was found in adoptions. The focus of these adoptions was twofold; adoption provided relief for unmarried mothers, and it allowed married couples, unable to conceive, to become parents. Most adoptions were closed and cloaked in secrecy. The 'clean break' these types of adoptions created was thought to be the best way for infants to create bonds of attachment to their new parents. The last several decades have seen many changes in social thinking and behavior. Some of these new ideas have led to drastic changes in the types and needs of adopted children. Illegitimacy and unwed mothers no longer carry the social stigma they once did, and many religions have grown more tolerant of these people, welcoming them whereas before they would have been shunned. As a result, more women are choosing to keep their infant children to raise themselves. New legislation has made divorce easier to obtain, thus there has been a growing number of single parents. Legislation has also allowed more women to obtain abortions for unplanned or unwanted pregnancies. 2 See Keating's discussion on the underlying issues of the enactment of the 1926 Adoption of Children Act. 3 Keating provides reasoning behind the clean break ideas of early adoption. For the opposing view, see Norrie (pg20). RUNNING HEAD: Aligning Adoption Law with Human Rights Ideals These social changes, along with the wide spread use of more effective contraceptives, have caused the number of infancy adoptions to sharply decline since 1970.4 At the same time, adoptions of looked-after or foster children have increased. In 1975, 7% of all

Research project on agrotourism in brazil Essay

Research project on agrotourism in brazil - Essay Example The farmers would open their farms and give tourists an opportunity to visit remote rural parts of the world that normally people would not have an opportunity to visit. For this project, the research work was carried out in South America, and specifically in Brazil. Tourist could view activities, such as harvesting and provide hands on help in the process, and actually observe how sugar canes, locally grown fruits, corn, coconuts, etc. were harvested in the country of origin. From a farmer’s perspective, the objective of agritourism by welcoming tourism into their community was to receive income from tourism activities, thus enabling the farmers and local communities to benefit financially. In this project, the local community would not be a part of an overseas operation that took a higher proportion of their lively hoods, by corrupt methods. Agritourism would strive for the economic development, cultural preservation, rural development, and achieve sustainable growth in the future. The project aims to benefit not only the farmers or the people directly involved in the project, but also contribute to the growth and development of the whole community. Thaise Guzzatti has developed such a plan for Brazil, and according to her, agritourism model brought new sources of income for rural families, prompting rural development and preserved local culture and community, while benefiting the tourist simultaneously (â€Å"Thaise Guzzatti,† 2007). With the help of agritourism, it would be possible to develop the remote rural areas and make them more sustainable in the future. An agricultural tourism model should be designed to help compliment the local community, blend with the community, and offer support and encouragement, rather than overwhelm it with tourism activities. It should help promote better infrastructure, stability in the community, more jobs

Why might an existing non-franchised business choose to become a Essay

Why might an existing non-franchised business choose to become a franchisor - Essay Example The motive is consistent with the resource allocation theory that stipulates that organizational units are most productive when tightly controlled (Ashar & Shapiro, 1988), although the new resource-based view of the theory advocates value creation by combining local (or franchisee) and central (or franchisor) advantages (Combs, 2003). The motive was a major driver of franchising among American auto manufacturers in the 1900s (Combs, 2003). The auto manufacturers lacked funds to open dealerships across the country. Their workaround to the problem was to create chains of franchises across the US. The franchisees invested in stocks of vehicles and premises. In return, they enjoyed exclusive marketing territories. Although a business may want a franchise in order to use other people’s funds to grow, some scholars have cast doubt over the cherished notion that the ability to expand without investing their money and retain control over operations is one of the main reasons firms fra nchise. Franchisee financial constraints are a major cause of poor relations between the franchisor and franchise and a threat to the survival of both (Dada, et al., 2009). If this argument is true then it defeats the logic of the franchisor seeking to expand using the franchisee’s capital. A number of reasons explain the occurrence of such a situation. First, some franchisees may falsify their financial position in order to meet the stringent requirements of the franchisor. Such falsification of information, coupled with lack of due diligence on the part of the franchisor creates a situation where the franchise starts the franchise with inadequate capital. Shortly afterward, the franchise becomes unable to provide the product they set out to provide. Even in the absence of documented cases of this nature, the risk of such a scenario is real. The implication is that a business that is desirous of adopting a franchise model as a

Research project on agrotourism in brazil Essay

Research project on agrotourism in brazil - Essay Example The farmers would open their farms and give tourists an opportunity to visit remote rural parts of the world that normally people would not have an opportunity to visit. For this project, the research work was carried out in South America, and specifically in Brazil. Tourist could view activities, such as harvesting and provide hands on help in the process, and actually observe how sugar canes, locally grown fruits, corn, coconuts, etc. were harvested in the country of origin. From a farmer’s perspective, the objective of agritourism by welcoming tourism into their community was to receive income from tourism activities, thus enabling the farmers and local communities to benefit financially. In this project, the local community would not be a part of an overseas operation that took a higher proportion of their lively hoods, by corrupt methods. Agritourism would strive for the economic development, cultural preservation, rural development, and achieve sustainable growth in the future. The project aims to benefit not only the farmers or the people directly involved in the project, but also contribute to the growth and development of the whole community. Thaise Guzzatti has developed such a plan for Brazil, and according to her, agritourism model brought new sources of income for rural families, prompting rural development and preserved local culture and community, while benefiting the tourist simultaneously (â€Å"Thaise Guzzatti,† 2007). With the help of agritourism, it would be possible to develop the remote rural areas and make them more sustainable in the future. An agricultural tourism model should be designed to help compliment the local community, blend with the community, and offer support and encouragement, rather than overwhelm it with tourism activities. It should help promote better infrastructure, stability in the community, more jobs

“To escape is nothing. Not to escape is nothing.” Louise Bogan Essay Example for Free

â€Å"To escape is nothing. Not to escape is nothing.† Louise Bogan Essay Hinduism is a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices from India. It is a religion with many beliefs and practices. Hinduism is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, belief in a supreme being of many different forms, the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and a desire for liberation from earthly evils. Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus which is shown in the New Testament. Christians believe Jesus is the son of God, God having become man and the saviour of humanity. Hinduism has grown and is the third largest religion in the world after Christianity and Islam. It has about 837 followers in the world. Hinduism is regarded as the world’s oldest organised religion. Hinduism consists of thousand of different religious groups in India that have evolved since 1500BCE. It is the main religion of India, Nepal, and among the Tamils in Sri Lanka. The individuality of the Hindu world focus on 4 important ideas: anadi (beginninglessness), karma (the moral law of life), samsara (rebirth) and moksha (freedom or release). Hinduism believes in reincarnation. They believe that there is a cycle of birth, death and rebirth. Hindus desire for the release of suffering. Living in the world shows suffering because it implies the separation from the divine. Christianity was founded in the early 1st century AD. It came to be a religion with the teaching, miracles, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. Today it is the largest religion in the world. Christianity has around 2 billion followers. It is most popular in the western world. Today, Christianity has a many different forms, beliefs and practices, but it is all centered around the belief and faith in Jesus Christ. Christians believe that there is one God. God created the world and everything in it, and we are also created in the image of God. There are difference and similarities with Hinduism and Christianity. First Hinduism is pantheistic, not theistic. Christianity believes that God created the world out of nothing, and humans out of the image of God. Christians believe that the world was corrupted by sin and is under Gods fate, moving towards perfection. Hindus believe the world is part of God and that the universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation, and dissolution. Hindus believe that all people will be united with God, and Christians believe that those who are called to God will have eternal life and whoever rebels will be lost eternally. Hindus believe in karma. Whatever goes around comes around. And Christians believe that sins can be forgiven. Hindus believe that humans will die and go through a cycle until karma is resolved. Christians believe that you die once, and face judgement. Hindus worship different structures and Christians only worship God alone. There is quite a large difference between Christianity and Hinduism. Mainly because it does not have a single founder, a specific theological system, a single concept of deity, a single holy text, a single system of morality, a central religious authority, and the concept of a prophet. We are similar because we are all looking to be good people and worship our creator. Christianity is more based on faith and belief and Hinduism, although they have their faith and belief, is more of a lifestyle and a way of life.

Making Physics More Realistic with Fiction

Making Physics More Realistic with Fiction Gabriel Alcantara One of the many questions that students who takes any major or minor subject, particularly physics, either in elementary or in college that actually makes sense is â€Å"When am I going to use what I have just learned in the real life?† But in reality, physics is found everywhere, from our cars and cell phones, the way we walk and interact with things, throwing stuff, to some of the not so familiar topics like in subatomic particles and in comic books. Some teachers and professors are looking into ways on how to present these ideas and concepts without making the student sit through hours of leaden and tedious technical discussions. From fictional examples and situation, to extraordinary cases like lifting a star and preventing falls with a single hand, students slowly realize that physics is just as important as breathing and clothing. And one good example of fictional, but true, example of the application of the concepts learned in physics is found in comic book superheroes. Now, the thought of superheroes is logically impossible, but their actions and their â€Å"super incredible powers† presented in comic books and in movies are actually governed by the laws of physics and nature (Trusted, 1991). From electricity, to lifting heavy objects, to shooting lasers out of nowhere, their power is also present in the real world, but in a less amazing and rather simple manner. In theory and in practice, the concepts of physics found in the stories of comic book superheroes helps in developing the logic of students to understand physics. As more and more teachers resort to more exciting and easy-to-understand examples which the students can relate, more and more students who have the same question above are now finding light in comic book superheroes. As any student who have gone through the first day of physics class, it is clear that physics is essentially the study of matter and energy; physics is an experimental science which deals with the basic elements of the universe and their interactions. (Young Freedman, 2012). There are a lot of theories and laws which govern the interaction of one matter to the other, and one of them is Newton’s laws of motion. There are 3 laws in it, which are the laws of inertia (an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force), acceleration (force is equal to mass times acceleration), and action and reaction (for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction). Physics also deals with electromagnetism, which is mainly concerned with particles having an electric charge, which is just either a positive or a negative charge property of a particle (Jones Childers, 1993). There are also discussions about momentum (which is the product of the objectâ€℠¢s mass and its velocity or speed), impulse (the change in momentum), and collision between two objects, whose examples are fairly simple, but not as exciting to learn. But, in order to do physics, one must have energy, either potential (energy at rest) or kinetic (energy in motion). With all these examples of the concepts in physics, their examples are just as technical as their discussion. One can deal with the laws of motion by observing the movement of a ball in a vacuum and applying external force, throwing a ball out of a cliff, pushing a wall, and a big winded wire induced by electricity to produce a massive electromagnet. These examples may seem simple enough to comprehend, but the physics in them is what makes them dreary to understand. One can simply put off the explanation by stating that the velocity, time, and height by which a ball drops from the cliff to the ground can be computed using the kinematic equation and the students just substitute values and solve. But one can make things a little more challenging by putting childhood favorite superheroes as examples. By replacing the ball with Gwen Stacy falling and Spider-Man catching her, students will get an essence of just how important these values are in the comics and in the real world. Comic book superheroes didn’t just exist out of nowhere, it also had a history. According to Wandtke (2012), from the early comic strips in England whose purpose varied from entertainment to revolutionary movements, a lot of today’s superheroes came from snippets of these strips. Amazing Stories and Astounding Stories were one of the early comic book novels, which were mass produced in newspapers and in print, and one of the earliest superheroes was Superman, who was a creation of Siegel and Shuster, which came from the idea of a bizarre visitor from another world with powers greater than any man known on earth who came to save humans from evil (Gifford, 1984). Superman first came known to print in the Action Comics #1 in 1938. After Superman, a lot of heroes joined in, like Flash (who had powers of incredible speed), Hawk-Man (power of flight), Captain America (Amazing strength from a â€Å"super soldier† serum, now called steroids), and Batman (with the occasio nal appearance of his sidekick Robin). In 1962, a boy named Peter Parker was bitten by a radioactive spider, who surprisingly lived, and became Spider-Man. Most of the beginnings of superheroes reflected their time, from the Great Depression to the World War, and discoveries in science like radioactivity and quantum mechanics (Daniels, 1995). With the rise of heroes came along with their enemies, like the Joker, the Green Goblin, Electro, Magneto, and many others. The addition of these villains added suspense and action to the stories. Several ages came into play, with heroes ranging from the Silver Age to the Golden Age, with one example of a Silver Age Flash meeting his Golden Age counterpart through an alternate universe (Duncan Smith, 2009). Movie adaptations of these comic books were released, which closely resembles the comic book counterpart with an addition of unexpected scenes. Now, what do comic book superheroes have to do with physics? A professor named James Kakalios of the University of Minnesota, who is an avid fan of comic books, started to use these heroes to conceptualize physics, as most us are unaware that most of the time, comic books gets their science right. While one may think that this is a silly idea, the fact that students can learn such a complicated subject like physics in such a sophisticated and animated way like in comic books is a great way to capitalize on an innovative way to teach something without hurting. Let’s take into consideration the case of the death of Gwen Stacy, Spider-Man’s girlfriend. The story goes as the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen Stacy, bringing her to the top of Washington Bridge, luring ‘Spidey’ into battle, then dropping off Gwen to her apparent doom, but Spidey manages to catch her, by which to his surprise that she is dead. Supposing that Gwen weighs 50 kg, fell for half a second (0.5s ) and fell from 300 ft., she would have fallen with a speed of about 95 miles an hour, and the force needed by Spider-Man’s web to stop her would have to be 10 times the acceleration due to gravity (Kakalios, 2005). This explains the â€Å"SNAP† sound located next to her on the comic strip of her fall. This shows that it was the webbing of Spider-Man that killed Gwen and the concept of physics involved here were the definition of velocity and acceleration, momentum and impulse, and force. The same discussion also explains the physics behind airbags and how they prolong the time from the impact to rest (Jacobson, 2012). Compared to the earlier examples, this is easier to understand and visualize because most of the students are interested with Spider-Man and the discovery of something new. An example of when they get it right is in an issue of Super Boy (young Superman) where he coils a locomotive with metal wires, induces a current, and gets a big electromagnet. This d emonstrates simple electric induction where some may find it difficult to understand due to the terminologies like induction and repulsion and conductors and charges, but with Super Boy’s example, it all becomes clearer and easier(Weiner, 2008) (Kittel Knight, 1973). But sometimes, comic books get it wrong too. Another way to represent physics, particularly electromagnetism, is through Spider-Man’s villains, Electro and Magneto (whose names obviously represent the concept of physics they embody). In a scene where Electro faces Spider-Man, Spidey throws a metal chair to Electro and Spider-Man says that any metal can act like a metal rod, neglecting the fact that it has to be grounded for it to become a lightning rod (Jones Childers, 1993). But an episode in Superman actually gets it right when he drags someone, whom he tries to get information from, and runs along telephone cable wires, to the man’s panic, but Superman reassures him that they would be electrocuted unless the wires is grounded or when he steps on a telephone wire pole (Daniels, 1995). Students can easily learn electricity through this: wires or any conductor has to be grounded for it to become effective. But one shouldn’t be assured that the concepts presented are true all the time. But then again, Cyclops (a single eyed hero who shoots lasers from his eye band) got Newton’s Third Law of Motion wrong when he blasts a hole through the ceiling of Grand Central. If Newton’s Third Law of Motion holds, then he should have experienced an opposite reaction equal to his action of blasting a hole, unless he has a super neck strength (Booker, 2010). Present day objects are also works of the science that powers superheroes. An example is the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) where one’s body can be examined live using magnetic repulsion from a user generated magnetic field, polarizing (splitting and dividing) the water molecules, and pinging the target level for examination (Young Freedman, 2012). The same technology is used by Magneto, Spider-Man’s enemy, where he levitates himself using magnetic repulsion. This has not been done by, and to, a human being, but a group of researchers has managed to levitate a frog (Simon Geim, 2000). Another one is through Iron Man. His suit can be comprehended today part by part. The jet boots is something which many have tried doing, but only few have successfully flown 10 feet or higher. The exoskeleton suit is being worked up by the military for defense purposes and also it is being developed for those who have paralysis and body defects. The science behind the helmet, which co ntrols the suit according to the comics, is technologically feasible. Some technologies in Japan and America have done prototypes which allow mouse pointer manipulation through the signals sent by the mind to the helmet ([Distinctive Voices], 2010). And one perfect example for that is Stephen Hawking and how he is able to communicate through signal waves converted to audio through a machine on his wheelchair. But the Arc Reactor is an exemption to the rule, being purely fictional for now, for no technology today, which could explain how something on earth could how such enormous power in a small, confined space ([Russell Scott], 2014). A very complicated topic in physics, which is hard to understand from a simple person’s point of view is quantum mechanics. Quantum physics or mechanics deals with the behavior of a particle, particularly on a molecular, atomic, or in the nuclear scale (Young Freedman, 2012). It has to do with wave functions with the inclusion of Schrodinger’s equation which just simply states that force is equal to mass times acceleration for electrons, much like Newton’s second law of motion. This governs the existence of parallel and alternative universes, which up to now, has not yet been proven to exist. Using Schrodinger’s equation, given the force, there is a huge probability of locating the position of a certain electron in space (Beiser, 1967). Given a radioactive isotope (same element, different mass number) and the equation will give the probability of it having a half-life (reducing the original amount of substance by half through a time interval). Something o n a subatomic particle scale is hard to comprehend and represent, but comic books may provide some light in the teacher’s burden in teaching this topic. On the issue of the Flash # 123, four years after Everitt formulated a theory which states that there is a parallel and alternate universe and using quantum mechanics, one can go from one universe to another on a subatomic level (Booker, 2010). In the Flash issue, the Silver Age Flash meets up with his Golden Age counterpart, through which scientific explanation of Everitt’s theory was presented. The concept of time warp or time travel, which is synonymous to parallel and alternate universe theories, is not new to comics. A lot of science fiction movies have shown the movement of one person to another world through a machine of abduction of aliens. And in another comic book called The Atom, which talks about a physics professor who was trying to develop a shrinking ray, but was missing one key ingredient: a piece of a white dwarf star (because of the dwarf in the name) (Gifford, 1984). Quantum mechanics tells us that dwarf star weighs almost 50,000 tons, thus making it very dense. But the professor was seen huffing and puffing every line that he said in the speech balloon, which adds to the fact that that star was really dense. But essentially, with the white dwarf star, The Atom could exploit quantum mechanics and go beyond the atomic level, shrinking himself proportional to this atomic structure. While quantum mechanics does not disapprove of this, the ability to shrink someone has not yet been done or proven as of today (Wandtke, 2012). With all the given examples, of course not every concept of physics is present in comic books, so one should not rely on comic books to learn physics. One concept that has little instances of comic books is the concept of flight. With many superheroes with capes are seen flying, like in the case of Superman, physics cannot explain this phenomenon since there is no action from nature that could cause a cape to fly a 150 kg man (presumably) over the clouds. The concept of flight of airplanes doesn’t work on capes, and less likely on magic carpets. Another one would be how a normal human being could grow to as huge as hulk in a matter of seconds. Even with a huge amount of radioactive material, there is little chance that someone could be as strong as hulk, save for the bigger probability that a person could die due to radioactive contamination. Another is the explanation of Thor’s hammer. No one on earth could lift up Thor’s hammer, and science doesn’t have the knowledge to tell us what is inside Thor’s hammer (Kakalios, 2014). With an increasingly complicated world, people begin to overlook even the simplest of things in order to go directly to the big picture. With so many technicalities around, people are finding it harder to follow the trend of technology and the science behind them. But if one can present the idea to their audience in a manner which they could effortlessly grasp the main idea, then more people could be educated about a certain topic. Studies have shown that there is a declining rate of the student’s performance due to their teacher’s beliefs and methods of teaching (Caprara et al., 2005). Cases like this should not be overlooked and should be solved within the classroom. There are a lot of fun and meaningful ways to present concepts without the jargons. But when it comes to physics, there is no harm done in presenting it, superhero style. As long as the topic is relevant and correct, comic books can be seen, not just as a nuisance, but as an educational material worth giv ing attention to. REFERENCES: Beiser, A. (1967). Concepts of modern physics (Rev. Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Blackwell, L., Trzesniewski, K., Dweck, C. (2007). Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention. Child Development, 78 (1), 246-263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x Booker, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of comic books and graphic novels. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. Caprara, G., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., Malone, P. (2005). Teachers self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44 (6), 473-490. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001 Daniels, L. (1995). DC comics: Sixty years of the worlds favourite comic book heroes. London: Virgin Books. Duncan, R., Smith, M. (2009). The power of comics: History, form and culture. New York: Continuum. Gifford, D. (1984). The international book of comics. New York: Crescent Books. Jacobson, R. (2012, October 11). Spider-Math and Bat-Physics: Science in a Superhero World. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/getting-superheroes-to-do-their-spider-math-and-bat-physics/ Jones, E., Childers, R. (1993). Contemporary college physics (2nd Ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Kakalios, J. (2014, November 12). Finally, Science Explains Why No One Can Lift Thor’s Hammer. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://www.wired.com/2014/11/can-hulk-lift-thors-hammer/ Kakalios, J. (2005). The Physics of Superheroes. New York, New York: Gotham Books. Kittel, C., Knight, W. (1973). Mechanics (2d Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Roxas, C., Arevalo Jr., J. (1985). A History of Komiks of the Philippines and Other Countries. Quezon City: Islas Filipinas Publishing. Simon, M., Geim, A. (2000). Diamagnetic levitation: Flying frogs and floating magnets (invited). JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 87 (9), 6200-6204. Trusted, J. (1991). Physics and metaphysics: Theories of space and time. London: Routledge. Wandtke, T. (2012). The meaning of superhero comic books. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. Weiner, A. (2008, February 1). The Science of Superheroes. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://www.popsci.com/entertainment-gaming/article/2008-01/science-superheroes?image=4 Young, H., Freedman, R. (2012). Sears and Zemanskys University physics: With modern physics (13th Ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. [Distinctive Voices]. (2010, September 7). Physics of Superheroes. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXd5Y0RXLb0 [Russell Scott]. (2014, August 8). The Physics of Superheroes w/ James Kakalios and Sidney Perkowitz | 1080HD. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GBGUVsnwMI

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George W. Bush’s decision to make his first overseas trip to Mexico, in mid-February, has generated a great deal of speculation about what this could possibly mean for changes in U.S. policy toward Latin America over the next four years. It is clear that Mexico is vastly more familiar and comfortable for Bush than any other foreign country. In light of the questions raised about the former Texas governor’s foreign policy experience and competence during the campaign, it is hardly surprising that he would look first to the country immediately south of the Rio Grande to show he is up to the job. Bush could be tempted to explore some initiative that would symbolize the â€Å"special relationship† he is seeking with Mexico. This would naturally mean responding in some fashion to Mexican President Vicente Fox’s bold proposals on the two most contentious issues in the bilateral relationship: drugs and immigration. During the U.S. presidential campaign, both Bush and Gore seemed to be caught off guard by Fox’s audacity. They had presumably wanted greater democracy in Mexico, but were not prepared to deal with such an independent leader who defied all of the conventions in U.S.-Mexico relations. The triumph of the first opposition figure to defeat what Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa had once described as â€Å"the perfect dictatorship† gave the initiative to Mexico in forging a more constructive partnership with the United States. It will not be easy to take full advantage of the opportunity afforded by the beginning of both the Mexican and U.S. administrations. Fox is likely to encounter some resistance within Mexico to the notion of deepening ties with the United States even further. In trying to serve as an interlocutor for the rest of Latin America with the United States, he will face a tough balancing act. How will Mexico retain its Latin American identity—and its credibility on an array of hemispheric questions—as it moves closer to the United States? Mexico, after all, played a key role in facilitating political settlements to the Central American conflicts in the 1980s and 1990s. Particularly in view of Fox’s rather bold and promising gestures aimed at resolving the conflict between the Mexican government and the Zapatistas in Chiapas, the Mexican leader may well want to become active in trying to find a peaceful settlement to the decades-long conflict in Colombia. Mexico’s heightened visibility on Colombia and other hemispheric questions could put some strain on its â€Å"special relationship† with the United States, whose $1.

The Negative Impact of the Media on Children and Adolescents Essay

Day in and day out an in-numerous amount of Americans lounge in their comfort chairs with snacks, drinks, and a remote in hand watching the next great television series. Some American’s, however, enjoy watching the daily news report before work, school, or starting there day. The hope to receive the latest events, weather, and sports scores for the big games is welded in the minds of these individuals. The Media’s influence has increased in size as the development of technology rapidly goes up. With the invention of the radio, newspaper, television, and internet it is almost impossible to escape the grasp of the media’s influence. More importantly technology and media has affected the younger generation more severely, as now it is almost impossible to tell a teenager to turn the television off or stop listening to that music. The Media’s increasing influence has become a part of everyday teenage life, and the teenager and media have become inseparable. The role of media is to create idols, and images that people want to become more like. The media controls the amount of violence filtered and viewed by consumers, as well as the amount of attention certain celebrities get, and depending on the amount of attention results in whom the generation mimics. This magnitude of influence brings reasonable cause to worry as this generation is our future leaders. The Belief that media uses its influence positively not having a negative effect on the younger generations is not only a false notion but also media purposely uses its influence for wrong doing. It is important to notice that everything done by an individual is influenced by what that person witnessed and experienced. One of the most influential sources today is television. There are... ...s of all time. After the release of this video game the volunteer rate more than doubled. Works Cited Bess, Marcus. "Physical Activity interventions using mass media, print media, and information technology." American Journal of Preventive Medicine (1998): 362-378. Print. Browne, Kevin. "The influence of violence media on children and adolescents a public- health approah." I Review (2004). web. Steele, Jeanne. "Adolescent room culture: Studying media in the context of everyday life." SpringerLink (1995): 551-576. print. Watson, N. A. "Filthy or Fasionable? Young People's perceptions of smoking in the media." Oxford Journals (2002): 554-567. print. Wilson, Corliss. "A content Analysis of Health an d physical activity messages marketed to african American Children During After-School Television Programming." Jama Pediatrics (2006). print.

Article Critique Essay

The thought that peer exclusion is correlated with children’s classroom achievements and adjustment has been hypothesized since the 1930’s. Much research and empirical evidence for such hypotheses have since been collected, and seem to agree with the premise of the correlation. Peer acceptance is the main measurement of this study. In contrast with other types of peer relationships, peer group acceptance, or rejection, is strongly connected with academic readiness and achievement. This article focuses on peer sentiments and its effect on children’s adjustment. It differs from past studies in that its approach is to measure non-observable feelings about classmates, rather than only the observable interactions. The article begins by outlining past research, and developing a premise for the study from those previous studies. The main study that this research builds upon is that of a 2001 study by Eric S. Buhs and Gary W. Ladd, who also conduct this study along with Sarah L. Herald. The premise of the study, based on the 2001 study, is that once classmates express negative feelings and actions upon a peer, those feelings and actions act as a visible marker for further rejection by the larger peer group, and the rejected child as well; as a result, the rejected peers are flagged by their peers, and are left out of classroom interactions, and as a consequence, the rejected child’s learning is impacted ultimately leading to lower levels of achievement (Buhs, Ladd, and Herald, 2006, p. 2). The prior 2001 study found that â€Å"early peer rejection was negatively related to later achievement and that this association was partially mediated through peer maltreatment and declining classroom participation, respectively† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 2). The authors developed a hypothesis that built upon their previous study. Their hypothesis was stated as, â€Å"it was hypothesized that prolonged peer maltreatment increases the probability that children will disengage from classrooms (or the school context) and that increasing disengagement impairs children’s achievement. Thus, it was predicted that longer rather than shorter histories of peer maltreatment, after controlling for contemporary exclusion or abuse, would mediate the link between early peer rejection and later classroom disengagement† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The authors further state that their purpose for conducting this study was to bridge the gap between the limitations of the previous study (it was only a one year study that attempted to predict students future outcomes) by conducting a more comprehensive longitudinal study over a six year period (kindergarten through fifth grade). Methodology The research study constructed six variables to measure the children with. They include, peer group acceptance/rejection, peer exclusion, peer abuse, classroom participation, school avoidance, and achievement. Peer group acceptance/rejection was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which individuals were liked/ disliked by classroom peers,† and operationalized by sociometric ratings that were collected from peers during kindergarten. One problem with this operationalization is the ability to comprehensively scale the true feelings of one peer toward another, especially during younger years. Scales, questionnaires, and observations might be too incomplete to capture the true meaning behind the dynamics of peer to peer interactions. Another issue is of how to evaluate separate peer groups. Many times classrooms encompass only a selection of developed peer groupings throughout the grade, and might be unfairly balanced toward one group. An example of groupings would be defined by the terms, â€Å"popular,† â€Å"punk,† or â€Å"nerds. † The research might be biased toward one group, if only because they were over represented in a class room. The variable Peer Exclusion was conceptualized as â€Å"the extent to which children were the target of peers’ nonaggressive rejecting behaviors, including behaviors such as ignoring, avoiding, or refusing to associate with them in the classroom context† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The Variable Peer Abuse—the second form of peer mistreatment—was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which children were recipients of classmate’s aggressive and harassing behaviors† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). These two variables contained indicators to distinguish between chronic peer abuse, and situational peer abuse. Again, the issue that arises is the effectiveness of these measures. The interactions between childhood peers are complex, and can change daily. The variables Classroom Participation, and School Avoidance were used to measure disengagement from the classroom environment. A large issue with this is how to distinguish individuals who might be avoiding class as an outcome of separate circumstances. If poor participation and avoidance was only observed from the angle of peer interactions, then this view is biased toward the study. The study is seeking a correlation, and if outside factors aren’t controlled for, then they will biasly effect the results of their study. A child’s family life, neighborhood, economic status, innate ability, among other factors, could influence all of the variables that this study examines. The last variable, Achievement, was defined as â€Å"the accuracy with which children could solve progressively more advanced reading, mathematics, and spelling problems on an individualized achievement test† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 4). The issue that comes to mind with this variable is the way it uses tests to gauge â€Å"achievement†. Some students fare better on tests than others, while some students take time to develop adequate test taking skills. Another problem is how to control for separate curriculums in different classrooms, and the quality of what is being taught. Data (From the text) Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 5 Participants The data used in this investigation were gathered from a total sample of 380 children (190 girls These children were followed longitudinally from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 11 (fifth grade31 kindergarten class rooms across 10 schools, and by the fifth-grade data collection period, children were in 162 different classrooms across 32 schools. The sample contained nearly equal proportions of families from urban, suburban, or rural midwestern communities, and the sample’s ethnic composition was 17. 4% African American, 77. 1% Caucasian, 1. 6% Hispanic, and 3. 9% â€Å"other. † Family incomes were distributed as follows: 10. 9% of the sample reported total household incomes from $0 to $10,000, 10. 9% reported incomes from $10,000 to $20,000, 12. 6% reported incomes from $20,000 to $30,000, 12. 6% from $30,000 to $40,000, 12. 9% from $40,000 to $50,000, and 40. 3% reported incomes above $50,000. Results The study reports it’s results as, â€Å"peer group rejection is predictive of a range of chronic, negative peer behaviors that may alter both the social environment of the classroom and children’s adaptive responses within that context across the elementary school years. † (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 11). It suggests that the facet of peer exclusion leading to reduced participation, and ultimately delayed achievements needs further study. It goes on to say that with further study, and thus more knowledge, an empirically based intervention program can be developed. Conclusion It can be argued that to have a complete understanding of the ever evolving and complex world of the social interactions in a school environment is close to impossible. The authors came into their study with a set premise, and expectations of the outcomes, and have seemed to found what they were searching for. The question becomes, how valid are the author’s findings, and can they be applied in a general manner across learning environments. I believe studies that look at complex interactions between children over several years, such as this study, might have too many outside interactionary forces that could effect the data and results. Works Cited Buhs, Eric S. , Ladd, Gary W. , and Herald, Sarah L. (2006). Peer Exclusion and Victimization: Processes That Mediate the Relation Between Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Classroom Engagement and Achievement?. journal of Educational Psychology 2006, Vol. 98, No. 1, 1–13.